The N extension is effectively deprecated. We don’t see sufficient demand for user-level interrupts in managed/Unix-like environments to pursue that approach at this time.

That’s a real concern, and I seem to have missed any discussion about this. I suspect that this also reflects a confusion resulting from the use of “Unix-like environments”, which seems to get applied to any protected-mode OS.

User-level drivers are a core properties of (well-designed) microkernels, and microkernels are pretty much the only choice for safety- and security-critical systems, and the only kind of OS that is feasible to prove correct (see seL4).

And if you run drivers in user mode, then being able to route interrupts directly to the user-level handlers without invoking the kernel would seem to pretty much eliminate the performance disadvantage microkernels have compared to Linux. In fact, my immediate reaction seeing this extension was “yeah!”.

Gernot